{"id":9379,"date":"2021-10-21T16:30:28","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T16:30:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/knowhow.distrelec.com\/?p=9379"},"modified":"2021-10-21T16:30:29","modified_gmt":"2021-10-21T16:30:29","slug":"skapa-anslutningen-del-1-en-guide-till-antenner-och-koaxiala-antennkontakter-och-kablar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/knowhow.distrelec.com\/sv\/elektronik-sv\/skapa-anslutningen-del-1-en-guide-till-antenner-och-koaxiala-antennkontakter-och-kablar\/","title":{"rendered":"Skapa anslutningen: Del 1 – En guide till antenner och koaxiala antennkontakter och kablar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Att utrusta alla tr\u00e5dl\u00f6sa enheter med en antenn inneb\u00e4r att fatta flera beslut. I den h\u00e4r artikeln, del 1 i en tv\u00e5delad serie, belyser vi n\u00e5gra av de viktigaste egenskaperna som \u00e4r viktiga n\u00e4r du v\u00e4ljer l\u00e4mplig antenn. Vi f\u00f6rdjupar oss i antennterminologi och specifikationer du kommer att st\u00f6ta p\u00e5 n\u00e4r du granskar ett datablad. \u00c4mnen som inkluderar frekvensomr\u00e5det enheten arbetar inom, antennf\u00f6rst\u00e4rkning och str\u00e5lningsm\u00f6nster. Mekaniska faktorer som intr\u00e5ngsskydd, inv\u00e4ndig eller utv\u00e4ndig placering och monteringsmetod \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 viktigt.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Se sortimentet av Distrelec -antenner<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

En bra antenn \u00e4r avg\u00f6rande f\u00f6r att skapa en p\u00e5litlig och uth\u00e5llig tr\u00e5dl\u00f6s l\u00e4nk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vi har v\u00e4l alla g\u00e5tt runt eller h\u00e5llit v\u00e5ra mobiltelefoner h\u00f6gt f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttra mottagningen i ett omr\u00e5de med d\u00e5lig signalstyrka. Alla prestanda f\u00f6r en tr\u00e5dl\u00f6s l\u00e4nk f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttras n\u00e4r det inte finns n\u00e5gra hinder i v\u00e4gen mellan s\u00e4ndare och mottagare. Tr\u00e4d, v\u00e4ggar, v\u00e4der och terr\u00e4ng absorberar radiofrekvenssignaler, vilket minskar avst\u00e5ndet \u00f6ver vilka enheter kan uppr\u00e4tta en bra l\u00e4nk, s\u00e5v\u00e4l data som tal. Att utrusta en tr\u00e5dl\u00f6s enhet med en v\u00e4l anpassad antenn d\u00e4mpar de faktorer som minskar signalstyrkan. En optimal antenn s\u00e4kerst\u00e4ller att den maximala genererade radiofrekvenseffekten fr\u00e5n s\u00e4ndarens slutsteg str\u00e5las ut i luften; likv\u00e4l kan signalen som n\u00e5r antennen bearbetas i mottagarens detekteringssteg. Som vi kommer att uppt\u00e4cka i del 2 p\u00e5verkar anslutningskabeln, tekniskt sett \u00f6verf\u00f6ringslinan, och de tillh\u00f6rande kontakterna ocks\u00e5 antennprestanda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antennparametrar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ur ett f\u00f6renklat perspektiv \u00e4r en l\u00e4ngd tr\u00e5d en antenn, och det finns ett samband mellan tr\u00e5dens optimala l\u00e4ngd f\u00f6r en viss frekvens. Termen v\u00e5gl\u00e4ngd avser avst\u00e5ndet mellan intilliggande toppar av en tr\u00e5dl\u00f6s signal. Den anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att best\u00e4mma antennens fysiska l\u00e4ngd och egenskaper och anger resonanspunkten. Till exempel har en Wi-Fi-signal som arbetar med 2.4 GHz en v\u00e5gl\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 12.5 cm, med formeln v\u00e5gl\u00e4ngd i meter (m) = ljushastighet\/frekvens (Hz), Ljusets hastighet \u00e4r en konstant p\u00e5 299 792 458 m\/s, ofta approximerad till 3×108. L\u00e4ngden p\u00e5 en antenn beskrivs i f\u00f6rh\u00e5llande till dess arbetsv\u00e5gl\u00e4ngd, till exempel en kvartsv\u00e5g, halvv\u00e5g eller helv\u00e5g.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De mest popul\u00e4ra tr\u00e5dl\u00f6sa kommunikationsmetoderna f\u00f6r data och tal idag, s\u00e5som Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, mobilkommunikation (4G – 5G) och ISM-applikationer (industriell, vetenskaplig och medicinsk), involverar frekvenser fr\u00e5n 400 MHz till 3.4 GHz. Vid dessa frekvenser blir antennens fysiska l\u00e4ngd allt kortare, vilket m\u00f6jligg\u00f6r olika konstruktionsmetoder, inklusive tillverkning p\u00e5 kretskort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e5nga antenner, s\u00e4rskilt de som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r bil-, transport- och telemetriapplikationer, \u00e4r f\u00f6rpackade med flera antenner inuti f\u00f6r att tillgodose Wi-Fi, GPS\/GNSS, fordon-till-fordon\/fordon-till-infrastruktur\/fordon-till-allt ( V2V\/V2I\/V2X) och LTE-mobilkommunikation. Ett exempel \u00e4r Taoglas Optimus MA220<\/a>. Se figur 1. Denna externt monterade antenn \u00e4r IP67-klassad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figur 1 – Taoglas Optimus MA200 externa ”puck”-antenn som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r transport- och telemetriapplikationer (k\u00e4lla Taoglas)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Antennf\u00f6rst\u00e4rkning:<\/strong> Utformningen och konstruktionen av vissa antenner g\u00f6r dem mer effektiva vid s\u00e4ndning och mottagning \u00e4n en vanlig antennmodell. I databladet uttrycks denna faktor som f\u00f6rst\u00e4rkning och m\u00e4ts i dBi (dB isotrop). Till exempel illustrerar figur 2 prestanda f\u00f6r Taoglas MA220<\/a> f\u00f6r LTE-mobilkommunikation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figur 2 – LTE-antennf\u00f6rst\u00e4rkningsegenskaperna f\u00f6r Taoglas MA220 (k\u00e4lla Taoglas)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Str\u00e5lningsm\u00f6nster:<\/strong> Vissa antenner har riktningsf\u00f6rm\u00e5ga, vilket inneb\u00e4r att de \u00e4r mer effektiva f\u00f6r att s\u00e4nda och ta emot i vissa riktningar eller specifika plan. En antenn med ett isotrop str\u00e5lningsm\u00f6nster betyder att den avger samma m\u00e4ngd energi i alla riktningar. En rundstr\u00e5lande antenn utstr\u00e5lar samma m\u00e4ngd energi i ett specifikt plan, horisontellt eller vertikalt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antennimpedans:<\/strong> Antennens impedans \u00e4ndras med frekvensen. Det \u00e4r oerh\u00f6rt viktigt att anpassa antennen till utg\u00e5ngsimpedansen f\u00f6r s\u00e4ndarens effektslutsteg och p\u00e5 samma s\u00e4tt mottagarens front-end. I del 2 i den h\u00e4r artikeln kommer vi ocks\u00e5 att l\u00e4ra oss hur impedansen f\u00f6r anslutningskabeln och kontakterna \u00e4ven de \u00e4r avg\u00f6rande f\u00f6r att uppn\u00e5 en bra matchning. En impedans p\u00e5 50 Ohm \u00e4r en popul\u00e4r standard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antennbandbredd:<\/strong> Frekvensomr\u00e5det \u00f6ver vilket antennen \u00e4r effektiv kallas bandbredd. Bandbredd anges vanligtvis baserat p\u00e5 en centerfrekvens. Ett exempel p\u00e5 en kretskortsantenn \u00e4r Molex Wi-Fi PCB<\/a>-antenna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Den har en bandbredd p\u00e5 100 MHz runt en centerfrekvens p\u00e5 2.45 GHz, en impedans p\u00e5 50 Ohm och f\u00f6rst\u00e4rkning 3.2 dBi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figur 3 – Molex Wi-Fi PCB-antenna (k\u00e4lla Molex)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

VSWR och returf\u00f6rlust:<\/strong> Returf\u00f6rlust m\u00e4ter hur v\u00e4l en antenn \u00e4r anpassad till en s\u00e4ndare och dess \u00f6verf\u00f6ringslina (koaxialkabeln). Returf\u00f6rlust m\u00e4ter hur mycket effekt som reflekteras tillbaka till s\u00e4ndaren ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att utstr\u00e5las och m\u00e4ts i dB. Ju h\u00f6gre (negativt tal), desto b\u00e4ttre antennprestanda. VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) \u00e4r ett annat s\u00e4tt att m\u00e4ta returf\u00f6rlust. En antenn b\u00f6r ha en returf\u00f6rlust b\u00e4ttre \u00e4n -10 dB (VSWR 2). Figur 4 illustrerar returf\u00f6rlustegenskaperna f\u00f6r Taoglas GA110<\/a>-mobilantennen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Figur 4 – En ritning \u00f6ver returf\u00f6rlustegenskaperna f\u00f6r Taoglas cellul\u00e4ra antenn visar returf\u00f6rlust mot frekvens (k\u00e4lla Taoglas)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e4tning av antennparametrar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En vektorn\u00e4tverksanalysator (VNA) anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att m\u00e4ta impedans och returf\u00f6rlustegenskaper hos en antenn och dess \u00f6verf\u00f6ringslina. B\u00e4rbara, l\u00e5gkostnads-VNA:er (<150 Euro) ger tillr\u00e4cklig m\u00e4tuppl\u00f6sning, men en mer professionell b\u00e4nkmonterad enhet som kostar \u00f6ver 5000 euro \u00e4r mer l\u00e4mplig f\u00f6r labb-baserat arbete. High-end RF-spektrumanalysatorer har ofta en VNA-funktion. En VNA hj\u00e4lper ocks\u00e5 till att uppn\u00e5 korrekt design av kondensator- och induktansbaserade matchningsn\u00e4t mellan s\u00e4ndaren och \u00f6verf\u00f6ringslinan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parametrar f\u00f6r antenndatablad; inte l\u00e4ngre ett mysterium<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Denna korta artikel f\u00f6rklarar n\u00e5gra av de viktigaste specifikationsparametrarna som du sannolikt kommer att st\u00f6ta p\u00e5 n\u00e4r du l\u00e4ser ett antenndatablad. Med denna information f\u00e5r du en b\u00e4ttre inblick i den b\u00e4sta antennen f\u00f6r din applikation, vilket ger optimal prestanda. I del 2 kommer vi att unders\u00f6ka antennkabelns inverkan och popul\u00e4ra antennkontakter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Se sortimentet av Distrelec -antenner<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Att utrusta alla tr\u00e5dl\u00f6sa enheter med en antenn inneb\u00e4r att fatta flera beslut. 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