Wind turbines are a great source of alternative energy. They can be installed both offshore and onshore, which makes them a good investment in renewable energy sources. Due to their mechanical nature, wind turbines have many moving parts. These parts need to be regularly maintained and cleaned to avoid any downtime or possible corrosion. In addition to protecting against significant property damage and potential accidents, routine preventative maintenance is essential for sustainably using wind power to generate clean, emission-free energy. Proactive measures like regular inspections, cleaning, lubrication, and required repairs are crucial in prolonging the estimated 30-year lifespan of wind turbines. In this article, we’ll discuss how the manufacturing and proper maintenance of wind turbines can fulfil this life expectancy.
The Manufacturing of Wind Turbines
The manufacturing process of wind turbine blades plays a crucial role in determining their lifespan. The majority of wind turbine blades are made using composite materials like fibreglass and carbon fibre, which enhance their strength and rigidity while simultaneously reducing their overall weight. This optimisation allows for improved power output.
Due to their exposure to the elements, wind turbine blades face various challenges, particularly in harsh conditions. They can be vulnerable to bird strikes, lightning strikes, and erosion caused by weather conditions. These factors can negatively impact the aerodynamics of the turbine, resulting in decreased performance.
Fortunately, there are solutions available during the manufacturing process that can extend the blades’ service life. Engineers can utilise structural adhesives to expedite the repair process for edge corrosion, small holes, or surface defects on the blades. By implementing these measures, manufacturers can ensure that wind turbine blades continue to operate efficiently and effectively over an extended period of time. At Distrelec, you can find anti-corrosion spray, adhesives and tapes and other maintenance products from brands like 3M or RND.
After the production of wind turbine blades, they are typically stored before being transported to their intended location. The transportation process often involves long distances and various modes such as sea, air, or land. However, this combination of factors can potentially damage the blades due to exposure to elements and movement during transit. Therefore, it is crucial to implement corrosion protection measures, especially for the exposed metal components.
The Basics of Wind Turbine Maintenance
Effective wind turbine maintenance begins with a few basic steps designed to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the equipment. These include:
- Regular inspection and maintenance tasks:
- Visual inspections – Make routine visual inspections to spot minor concerns before they become bigger ones. This involves examining the turbine blades, nacelle, and tower for any obvious indications of wear and tear.
- Maintenance of blades – Check the structural integrity and aerodynamic efficiency of turbine blades on a regular basis. This entails searching for any deformation that might impair performance, such as fractures or erosion.
- Cleaning and lubrication – It’s essential to lubricate moving elements such as the generator and gearbox on a regular basis. Cleaning involves removing dirt and debris from critical components like the rotor and blades to prevent imbalance and wear.
- Maintenance frequency and cost considerations:
- Frequency of maintenance – The maintenance schedule can vary based on the turbine’s model, age, and the environmental conditions of the installation site. Maintenance should be performed every six months to a year, however this can be changed in response to real-time data from monitoring systems.
- Cost factors – The size, location, and age of the turbine can all affect maintenance expenses. Costs might also be impacted by elements like manpower or equipment requirements and accessibility.
- Preventive strategies:
- Preventive maintenance – Focuses on routine inspections and the maintenance of key components to prevent failures. This includes tasks like lubrication, electrical system checks, and blade inspections.
- Advanced monitoring – To anticipate and stop any breakdowns, install sensors that track vibrations, lubricant levels, and other operating characteristics.
Common Wind Turbine Maintenance Challenges
Adverse Weather Conditions
Weather conditions play a significant role in the challenges of maintaining wind turbines, particularly when it comes to blade repairs. Adverse weather, including strong winds, rain, or snow, can seriously disrupt maintenance plans, which directly impacts the efficiency of the turbine and its total energy production. Furthermore, there is an additional level of difficulty in physically reaching these towering structures. To do close inspections and create repair plans, technicians usually need rope access. This method adds time to the process and increases the danger involved in carrying out these crucial maintenance operations. Doing so in difficult weather presents a significant hurdle.
Component Wear and Tear
The most frequently encountered issues in wind turbines involve the failure of critical components such as bearings, blades, gearboxes, and generators. These components are necessary for the turbines to run smoothly and efficiently. Thus routine inspections are required to prevent unplanned malfunctions. Furthermore, yaw brake replacement comes with its own set of difficulties.
Because of their large weight and the height at which they are positioned, these brakes—which are essential for pointing the turbine in the direction of the wind—are very challenging to operate. There will be a great deal of downtime and related expenses throughout the replacement procedure since it calls for specialised tools and strict safety precautions. When taken as a whole, these variables show how difficult it is to maintain the best possible turbine functioning and dependability.
Environmental and Logistics Considerations
An important part of maintaining wind turbines is having consideration for the environment, particularly when it comes to problems like glazing – the build up of dirt – rust, and moisture on yaw braking discs, which can cause noise pollution and potentially disturb local wildlife and residents. In addition, there is a possibility of environmental pollution and health concerns for maintenance staff when yaw brake dust is released during maintenance.
Logistically, heavy equipment and staff transportation is made more difficult by the remote locations of many wind farms, especially during rough weather. These elements increase the risk and expense as well as duration and cost of maintenance procedures. Another layer of difficulty in sustaining these vital energy resources is that personnel must continuously refresh their knowledge and safety training to appropriately manage new technology as turbines get bigger and more sophisticated.
Innovative Wind Turbine Maintenance Solutions
With advanced technologies like IoT, AI and automation, there are multiple innovative ways in which maintenance can be conducted. Some of these technologies include:
Condition Monitoring Systems (CMS)
Condition Monitoring Systems (CMS) plays a pivotal role in the proactive maintenance of wind turbines by employing advanced sensors to continuously monitor the operational parameters of various turbine components. This real-time data-collecting system is essential for evaluating the turbine’s overall health. CMS can assist in anticipating maintenance needs prior to breakdowns, reducing expensive downtime and prolonging the turbine’s lifespan. It does this by analysing data patterns and spotting abnormalities in component behaviour. Moreover, CMS’s insights enable more focused and effective maintenance scheduling, matching interventions exactly to the turbine’s requirements based on real operating circumstances rather than preset plans.
Drones and Automated Systems
Wind turbine maintenance has been transformed by drone technology and automated inspection systems, especially when it comes to doing thorough and effective blade inspections. These techniques offer a safer and more affordable substitute for traditional manual inspections, which are frequently dangerous and time-consuming. Even in adverse weather or in isolated areas that are hard for human personnel to reach, drones fitted with high-resolution cameras and sensors can swiftly and precisely gather data on the state of turbine blades. This minimises the downtime needed for inspections while also lowering the danger to maintenance staff.
Furthermore, automated systems are able to evaluate the data in real-time and provide accurate diagnostics that provide prompt and well-informed maintenance choices, thereby increasing the operating efficiency and lifespan of wind turbines. Drones can also be used in collaboration with digital twins, which would create a virtual representation of the wind turbines, simulating and analysing conditions without physical interference.
